social.dk-libre.fr is a Fediverse instance that uses the ActivityPub protocol. In other words, users at this host can communicate with people that use software like Mastodon, Pleroma, Friendica, etc. all around the world.

This server runs the snac software and there is no automatic sign-up process.

Search results for tag #debian

[?]M. Grégoire » 🔓
@mpjgregoire@cosocial.ca

@nixCraft Good news for .

    [?]Klaus Zimmermann :unverified: [He/Him] » 🌐
    @kzimmermann@c.im

    Nice, kernel 6.17 finally arrived in / Unstable!

      AodeRelay boosted

      [?]Tom :damnified: » 🌐
      @thomas@metalhead.club

      Endlich! Ich habe es geschafft, die Dovecot-Konfiguration aus meiner Mailserver-Anleitung auf das neue Dovecot 2.4 aus Debian Trixie anzupassen.

      Welche Parameter anzupassen sind (und eine komplette Beispielkonfiguration) findet ihr in meinem Blog:

      "Alte Dovecot Konfiguration zu Dovecot 2.4 (Debian Trixie) migrieren" - thomas-leister.de/mailserver-m

        [?]Stefano Marinelli » 🌐
        @stefano@mastodon.bsd.cafe

        I'm running some tests on my old and trusted Raspberry Pi A+.
        I've installed Raspbian - latest release, lite version. At the prompt, it's using 92 MB of RAM, mainly due to systemd and NetworkManager. As soon as you use it (even just for apt), it starts swapping and becomes almost unusable. It took 5 minutes just to install Python.

        I tried NetBSD (on the same memory card): 35 MB of RAM used (including Postfix!) and it's totally usable.

          [?]penguin42 » 🌐
          @penguin42@mastodon.org.uk

          Right; mail server upgraded to Trixie; I did it by recreating it in a local VM first; package install to match, and then tested a restore from my encrypted backups - which was a good exercise in its self. Then a dist-upgrade; fixing up Dovecot was the hairiest bit - they've randomly changed the name of a bunch of options. mail_location is now mail_driver/home/path/inbox_path and the ssl options have also changed. mbox files are deprecated , but still work for now - job for later.

            AodeRelay boosted

            [?]Jürgen Hubert [He/Him] » 🌐
            @juergen_hubert@mementomori.social

            I've come to the conclusion that, while I am still using 11 out of inertia, it's time to contemplate an exit plan towards . The switch won't be any time soon (I have too much other stuff on my plate for the foreseeable future), but I do want to avoid paying further license fees to .

            Major areas of concern:

            - My library. I am by no means a heavy gamer, but I want to check if the major games I enjoy are known to work on Linux.
            - Migrating away from towards is going to be a major chore, but it's something I can start in advance.
            - I am a very heavy user of Notepad++ for my typesetting, so I need a replacement whose user experience comes close (and no, neither vim nor emacs count).

            As for what distribution to choose... I dunno. Lots of people at my place of work use , so maybe that would be a good idea?

              anarcat boosted

              [?]Fabián Rodríguez 🛡💾 🇨🇴 🌴 » 🌐
              @magicfab@mastodon.social

              [?]skotperez » 🌐
              @skotperez@voragine.net

              Por qué usar nvm para configurar un entorno de desarrollo y ejecución Node.js en Linux Debian

              En Linux Debian, no se pueden instalar paquetes con npm globalmente en el sistema (npm install -g) sin usar sudo. Es una medida de seguridad necesaria que puede provocar problemas de permisos para usuarios sin permisos sudo cuando algún paquete se instala globalmente usando sudo, o que implica tener que instalar cada paquete como dependencia de cada repositorio. Esto puede tener sentido con dependencias del proyecto que se está desarrollando, pero no tanto con paquetes del entorno de desarrollo que se usan en todos los proyectos (linters, revisores de código, typescript...). Esto se soluciona usando nvm que permite crear un entorno Node.js específico para cada usuario del sistema, de manera que los paquetes instalados globalmente son globales para el usuario que los instala. nvm se puede instalar sin usar sudo, así que un usuario no necesita contactar al administrador del sistema. [SENSITIVE CONTENT]

              TLDR; En Linux Debian, no se pueden instalar paquetes con npm globalmente en el sistema (npm install -g) sin usar sudo. Es una medida de seguridad necesaria que puede provocar problemas de permisos para usuarios sin permisos sudo cuando algún paquete se instala globalmente usando sudo, o que implica tener que instalar cada paquete como dependencia de cada repositorio. Esto puede tener sentido con dependencias del proyecto que se está desarrollando, pero no tanto con paquetes del entorno de desarrollo que se usan en todos los proyectos (linters, revisores de código, typescript…). Esto se soluciona usando nvm que permite crear un entorno Node.js específico para cada usuario del sistema, de manera que los paquetes instalados globalmente son globales para el usuario que los instala. nvm se puede instalar sin usar sudo, así que un usuario no necesita contactar al administrador del sistema.

              Instalar Node Version Manager (nvm)

              En el repositorio oficial de nvm se puede descargar un script de bash que descarga nvm y añade la configuración necesaria al archivo de perfil del usuario (~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.zshrc, o ~/.profile). Es recomendable consultar el repositorio para instalar la última versión. En el momento de escribir este tutorial era la 0.40.3:

              $ wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.40.3/install.sh | bash=> Downloading nvm from git to '/home/skotperez/.nvm'=> Clonando en '/home/skotperez/.nvm'...remote: Enumerating objects: 383, done.remote: Counting objects: 100% (383/383), done.remote: Compressing objects: 100% (326/326), done.remote: Total 383 (delta 43), reused 180 (delta 29), pack-reused 0 (from 0)Recibiendo objetos: 100% (383/383), 391.78 KiB | 2.67 MiB/s, listo.Resolviendo deltas: 100% (43/43), listo.* (HEAD desacoplado en FETCH_HEAD)  master=> Compressing and cleaning up git repository=> Appending nvm source string to /home/skotperez/.zshrc=> Appending bash_completion source string to /home/skotperez/.zshrc=> You currently have modules installed globally with `npm`. These will no=> longer be linked to the active version of Node when you install a new node=> with `nvm`; and they may (depending on how you construct your `$PATH`)=> override the binaries of modules installed with `nvm`:/usr/local/lib├── @vue/cli@5.0.8└── npm-check-updates@16.13.2=> If you wish to uninstall them at a later point (or re-install them under your=> `nvm` node installs), you can remove them from the system Node as follows:     $ nvm use system     $ npm uninstall -g a_module=> Close and reopen your terminal to start using nvm or run the following to use it now:export NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm"[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh"  # This loads nvm[ -s "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion"  # This loads nvm bash_completion

              Para que nvm esté disponible hay que cerrar terminal y abrir una nueva.

              Instalar Node Package Manager (npm) usando nvm

              Antes de instalar node con nvm puede ser que node esté ya instalada en el sistema de manera global. Para comprobarlo:

              $ node -vv20.19.5$ npm -v9.2.0

              En Debian Trixie, en el momento de escribir este tutorial, la última versión disponible de node es la 20.19.5, y de npm la 9.2.0.

              Para instalar la última versión de node usando nvm:

              $ nvm install nodeDownloading and installing node v25.0.0...Downloading https://nodejs.org/dist/v25.0.0/node-v25.0.0-linux-x64.tar.xz...############################################################################################################################################################################ 100.0%Computing checksum with sha256sumChecksums matched!Now using node v25.0.0 (npm v11.6.2)Creating default alias: default -> node (-> v25.0.0)

              La primera versión de node instalada con nvm se configura como la versión a usar por omisión.

              Si ahora hacemos la comprobación de la versión de node y de npm disponibles por omisión para este usuario:

              $ node -vv25.0.0$ npm -v11.6.2

              Para otro usuario que no haya instalado nvm, la versiones disponibles seguirán siendo las instaladas desde los repositorios de Debian.

              Para instalar una versión específicamente:

              $ nvm install 22.21.0Downloading and installing node v22.21.0...Downloading https://nodejs.org/dist/v22.21.0/node-v22.21.0-linux-x64.tar.xz...############################################################################################################################################################################ 100.0%Computing checksum with sha256sumChecksums matched!Now using node v22.21.0 (npm v10.9.4)

              Al instalar una nueva versión, ésta se activa automáticamente en esa terminal. Sin embargo, la versión por omisión sigue siendo la primera que se instaló. Múltiples versiones de node pueden convivir para un usuario, que podrá elegir la que quiere usar en cada caso. Para ver todas las versiones instaladas:

              $ nvm ls-remote

              Para seleccionar una versión de node diferente en un momento dado:

              $ nvm use 22.21.0

              Instalar paquetes en un entorno node instalado con nvm

              Al instalar un paquete de manera global en un entorno node instalado con nvm, el paquete estará globalmente disponible para el usuario:

              $ npm install -g @google/gemini-cli

              [?]Cdrik ⏚🌻 » 🌐
              @Bristow_69@framapiaf.org

              Hello les utilisateurs de 😬

              @VvV vient de me demander de lui mettre à jour son client NextCloud, problème elle est sur Debian 12 et donc la version 3.7.3 qui ne sera bientôt plus exploitable.

              Une solution pour mettre à jour facilement, je ne trouve rien de probant sur le web. Merci 🙏

                [?]Joe Brockmeier [He/Him/His] » 🌐
                @jzb@hachyderm.io

                Either I've written a lot of articles over the years, or I'm getting old. Or, you know, both.

                I went looking for an article I wrote this or last year that touched on the FTP Master team and instead turned up one from 2010 that I'd completely forgotten about. I have no recollection at all of writing this one for @lwn ...

                lwn.net/Articles/381667/

                  AodeRelay boosted

                  [?]XLibre » 🌐
                  @XLibreDev@mastodon.social

                  became the default Xserver on the -based in September. Please read the announcement at github.com/orgs/X11Libre/discu and learn more about this distribution at homeserverhq.com. A big thank you to github.com/homeserverhq!

                  XLibre on HomeServerHQ

                  Alt...XLibre on HomeServerHQ

                    ClaudioM boosted

                    [?]Shrig 🐌 [They/Them] » 🌐
                    @Shrigglepuss@godforsaken.website

                    Is there some way to quickly spin up a GNOME install that has a default selection of apps more sensible for home users like Fedora has without all the confusing nerdy icons people will be intimidated by and not need or should I just keep installing Fedora on things when people just generally ask "I want to try Linux"?
                    I'd like to explore Debian as an alternative because it's so slow with major versions and has a massive package repository

                      [?]Jérémy Lecour » 🌐
                      @jlecour@mastodon.evolix.org

                      J'ai (enfin) publié sur mon blog mon retour d'expérience sur la DebConf 2025 organisée à Brest cet été : jeremy.lecour.fr/blog/2025/10/

                        [?]Marcus Adams » 🌐
                        @gerowen@mastodon.social

                        has released 10.11.1 with some bug fixes. If you're using the repo like I am, it should be available to install.

                        Link: github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/r

                        A screenshot of the terminal window on my server showing that new versions of the following packages are available to install:

- jellyfin-server
- jellyfin-web
- jellyfin

                        Alt...A screenshot of the terminal window on my server showing that new versions of the following packages are available to install: - jellyfin-server - jellyfin-web - jellyfin

                          [?]Bradley M. Kühn » 🌐
                          @bkuhn@fedi.copyleft.org

                          Age makes you more cautious. I used to carry Debian CD's with me & do all my upgrades while in flight without electricity or Internet — just to test myself I could hack my way out of a screwed up GRUB or problematic build.

                          I'm taking my spouse's laptop all the way from buster to trixie this morning (going through bullseye to bookworm first), & I'm actually nervous. I *think* it's just because it's my spouse's machine.

                          Ironic thing is upgrades are so much safer these days.

                            opio ⏚ boosted

                            [?]Tykayn » 🌐
                            @tykayn@mastodon.cipherbliss.com

                            les gens qui ont pris une carte grahique AMD, ça se passe bien sur des distrib ou modernes?

                              Debacle boosted

                              [?]Adam Trickett :debian: :kde: » 🌐
                              @drajt@fosstodon.org

                              My wife showed her work laptop running instead of Windows 10 to a colleague.

                              The colleague had never heard of Linux so she googled it and saw so she wants Linux on her laptop now that Windows 10 is past it, and her AMD A9 isn't on on the upgrade list.

                                0 ★ 2 ↺
                                R boosted

                                [?]oldsysops » 🌐
                                @oldsysops@social.dk-libre.fr

                                bon mon sweat debian, avec le logo debian brodé dans le dos devient trop petit ( je pense que c'est le sèche linge, ou alors j'ai pris du poids... nan, c'est le sèche linge).
                                du coup j'en cherche un autre... vous savez ou on peut trouver des sweats debian brodé dans le dos ?


                                  [?]Sylvhem » 🌐
                                  @Sylvhem@eldritch.cafe

                                  Mon seul regret vis à vis de Debian 13 pour l’instant, c’est que ce n’est pas le thème de @juliettetaka qui ait été retenu cette fois-ci.

                                  Une composition abstraite faite de formes rectangulaires.

                                  Alt...Une composition abstraite faite de formes rectangulaires.

                                    [?]Benoît B. » 🔓
                                    @benoitb@framapiaf.org

                                    @Bristow_69
                                    @aprilorg

                                    Je suis à l'aise avec , j'ai déjà installé des tas de versions (et de distributions — toutes dérivées de ) sur mes ordinateurs personnels successifs, et j'aimerais me rendre disponible sur cette carte, mais je n'ai pas d'idée des bonnes pratiques pour accompagner une migration (la mienne est bcp trop ancienne)

                                    Existe-t-il un document, quelque part, qui donne des pistes (et des checklists) sur comment aider à une migration vers Linux ?

                                      [?]Marcus Adams » 🌐
                                      @gerowen@mastodon.social

                                      Just got this email. The next point release for Trixie is scheduled for 15 November.

                                      A screenshot of the email that reads:

Hi,

The next point release for trixie is scheduled for Saturday, 15th November
2025. Uploads to proposed-updates will be frozen the preceding weekend.

--
Jonathan Wiltshire                                      jmw@debian.org
Debian Developer                         http://people.debian.org/~jmw

                                      Alt...A screenshot of the email that reads: Hi, The next point release for trixie is scheduled for Saturday, 15th November 2025. Uploads to proposed-updates will be frozen the preceding weekend. -- Jonathan Wiltshire jmw@debian.org Debian Developer http://people.debian.org/~jmw

                                        [?]Deuchnord » 🌐
                                        @deuchnord@social.deuchnord.fr

                                        Y'a des gens ici qui s'y connaissent un peu en paquets Debian (.deb) ?
                                        Pourquoi quand on installe un paquet, le système prend par défaut les paquets indiqués comme "recommandés" (instruction "Recommends" dans le fichier de contrôle) ?
                                        Est-ce qu'on prend un risque particulier du coup d'utiliser l'option `--no-install-recommends` pour avoir une installation minimale ?

                                          [?]Peter Krefting » 🌐
                                          @nafmo@social.vivaldi.net

                                          @nixCraft With drivers? Like last week?

                                          Seems to be less of a problem after moving to 13, though. Hooray!

                                            [?]anarcat » 🌐
                                            @Anarcat@kolektiva.social

                                            [?]Lien Rag » 🌐
                                            @lienrag@mastodon.tedomum.net

                                            Dis-moi :mastodon: un sshd_config qui n'a aucun PermitRootLogin (donc ni à yes ni à no), ça veut dire que le root login est possible ou qu'il est impossible ?

                                            Y'a (commenté) PermitRootLogin prohibit-password (qui me paraît une option acceptable, non ? ça veut bien dire qu'on ne peut s'y connecter qu'avec une clé ssh autorisée ?) mais y'a rien d'autre sur RootLogin, ni commenté ni décommenté...

                                            edit : on m'a gentiment répondu RTFM et en effet le manuel a la réponse

                                              Erwan 🚄 boosted

                                              [?]Pilou 🐧⚔️ » 🌐
                                              @CaraGk@framapiaf.org

                                              La mise à jour de 2.3 à 2.4 m'a pris beaucoup trop d'heures de debug mais c'est (enfin !!!) résolu avec un local.conf au poil ! Serveurs à jour sous Trixie donc ! 🥳

                                                Debacle boosted

                                                [?]Laurent Cheylus » 🌐
                                                @lcheylus@bsd.network

                                                Unofficial Debian Repository for some development Tools: Zig, Ghostty, Lazygit, eza, zoxide, uv... by Dario Griffo debian.griffo.io/

                                                  [?]Freexian :debian: » 🌐
                                                  @freexian@hachyderm.io

                                                  38 Debian LTS Advisories about security updates for various packages were released by Debian LTS contributors last month. These include notable security updates for modsecurity-apache, cups, python-django, thunderbird and many more.

                                                  Read our monthly report for September to know more details: freexian.com/blog/debian-lts-r

                                                  This work is funded by Freexian's Debian LTS offering. Become a sponsor of Debian LTS (freexian.com/lts/debian/?utm_s) and enjoy the benefits (freexian.com/lts/debian/detail).

                                                  -apache

                                                    [?]mirabilos » 🌐
                                                    @mirabilos@toot.mirbsd.org

                                                    Asking for $dayjob:

                                                    Is there something like a(n ideally #bootc-based) #immutable distro on #Debian basis, or ideally a way to install Debian that way?

                                                    Specifically, they want a containerised base install and to put their own flatpacks atop as needed (the latter step already exists), for a specific use case. Things like layering, A/B updates, etc. would be welcome.

                                                      [?]skotperez » 🌐
                                                      @skotperez@voragine.net

                                                      Lien Rag boosted

                                                      [?]Janek @ IndieDev.site [He/him] » 🌐
                                                      @hardpenguin13@mastodon.gamedev.place

                                                      Found a new meme format and saw an opportunity

                                                        Debacle boosted

                                                        [?]Martin » 🌐
                                                        @martin@social.mdosch.de

                                                        @retrolinuxuser@toot.community
                                                        I'd just go with a plan stable and install whatever desktop I prefer.

                                                          [?]JoAnn » 🌐
                                                          @Matfjogel@mastodon.social

                                                          Bonjour
                                                          mon laptop vient de décéder (clavier dead, écran dead) 😭
                                                          est-ce une bonne idée de racheter un (j'aime bien l'ergonomie des acer) qui tournera avec une ? Ou je risque d'avoir des soucis d'incompatibilité ? (j'ai un souci de carte wifi avec l'acer du boulot, avec debian, je ne peux pas avoir de wifi du tout)
                                                          Sinon je prendrai un récent, si je trouve ce qui corresepond à mes besoins

                                                            [?]Jonathan Kamens 86 47 » 🌐
                                                            @jik@federate.social

                                                            Heads up if you're running (a.k.a. Debian Testing) and you have a lot of RAM. The new user-space OOM manager systemd-oomd doesn't treat kernel cache memory as available when calculating memory usage. That means it decides you're running out of RAM when you actually aren't and kills processes when it shouldn't.
                                                            Ref: bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugrep
                                                            You might want to uninstall it until this is fixed, or mask systemd-oomd.{service,socket} and reboot to disable it.

                                                              [?]Philheck » 🌐
                                                              @Philheck@mamot.fr

                                                              Ne jetez pas votre PC !

                                                              Alt...Ne jetez pas votre PC !

                                                                [?]jbz » 🌐
                                                                @jbz@indieweb.social

                                                                📱 Mobian Trixie Officially Released with Broader Device Support / @linuxiac

                                                                「 Over two years in development, this release brings an updated base aligned with Debian 13, Phosh 46.0 (a mobile user interface for Linux phones), and Plasma Mobile 6.3 desktop environments, as well as a Linux kernel 6.12 for most supported devices. The Librem 5 remains on kernel 6.6 for now 」

                                                                linuxiac.com/mobian-trixie-off

                                                                  AodeRelay boosted

                                                                  [?]Pete Orrall [Pete/Pete] » 🌐
                                                                  @peteorrall@mastodon.bsd.cafe

                                                                  @dan1 Being a huge fan looks awesome!

                                                                    [?]Linuxiac » 🌐
                                                                    @linuxiac@mastodon.social

                                                                    Debian’s Technical Committee overrules systemd maintainers, requiring /var/lock to remain writable in line with Debian Policy.
                                                                    linuxiac.com/debian-tc-overrul

                                                                    Debian’s Technical Committee overrules systemd maintainers, requiring /var/lock to remain writable in line with Debian Policy.

                                                                    Alt...Debian’s Technical Committee overrules systemd maintainers, requiring /var/lock to remain writable in line with Debian Policy.

                                                                      Marcos Dione boosted

                                                                      [?]Akkana Peck » 🌐
                                                                      @akkana@fosstodon.org

                                                                      I got email yesterday that my javascript Jupiter and Saturn moon predictors weren't working. Turned out to be a weird new "feature" enabled by default on Trixie that affects anyone with a /javascript directory. Details here:
                                                                      shallowsky.com/blog/tech/web/a

                                                                        Lien Rag boosted

                                                                        [?]mirabilos » 🌐
                                                                        @mirabilos@toot.mirbsd.org

                                                                        #Debian #armel has reached end of life with the release of #trixie and will not be included in #forky (already being removed from sid).

                                                                        Unfortunately, that means e-waste for the affected devices, such as several older #RPi editions (unless switching to Raspian, which may or may not even work or support them for longer and is effort anyway).

                                                                        armel has not been part of #LTS and #ELTS for a while, but this was not a problem as it’s a minority architecture and users could always upgrade (btw, if your armel box is still running bookworm, you’ll want to be on trixie by 2026-06-10).

                                                                        I asked for it to be included in trixie LTS and ELTS, so that the old hardware can be used mostly securely until about 2035 instead of 2028, and the limiting factor for this is not will or infrastructure but funding. (While most security fixes aren’t specific to one of the architectures in question, there’s still some overhead, and armel is often slower to build and may need some more hand-holding than the newer armhf and arm64, so I believe that funding is actually needed.)

                                                                        I’m just a private individual running one box with it I got as a gift, so I cannot offer much, but if you care about Debian and can offer funding, please approach @freexian (who organise LTS and offer ELTS as a separate-from-Debian offer) about this (and specifically mention armel).

                                                                        If someone has connections to organisations involved in devices that cannot run armv7 hardfloat Debian or better, such as the #Raspberry Pi foundation, please ask them to contribute to #Freexian in the same way, so we can have proper Debian on these devices for seven years longer than planned.

                                                                        Thanks in advance.

                                                                          [?]Fabián Rodríguez 🛡💾 🇨🇴 🌴 » 🌐
                                                                          @magicfab@mastodon.social

                                                                          Installe-o-Thon — Wiki FACiLe - Ce document est un guide de préparation et déroulement pour toute activité d'installation Linux ou logiciels libres.
                                                                          wiki.facil.qc.ca/view/Installe

                                                                          via magicfab.ca/liens

                                                                            Manu boosted

                                                                            [?]Nivex 🐧 📻 [he/him] » 🌐
                                                                            @nivex@tenforward.social

                                                                            DO NOT UPGRADE TO DEBIAN 13.1 IF YOU ARE USING SYSTEMD-NETWORKD!

                                                                            I just applied the upgrade on my desktop and systemd-networkd segfaults on startup. I was hoping it was a transient but it fails after a reboot too.

                                                                            (Edit: Issue is with VLAN aware bridges, see reply for bug report)

                                                                              [?]Lien Rag » 🌐
                                                                              @lienrag@mastodon.tedomum.net

                                                                              Je vois un tutoriel sur installer Debian en LUKS, y compris la partition /boot

                                                                              Pour cela il change la chiffrement de la partition LUKS de Argon2 en pdkf2

                                                                              C'est un compromis de sécurité acceptable ?
                                                                              Sinon, est-ce possible (et utile) de garder /boot hors du volume chiffré et de chiffrer /boot uniquement en pdkf2 ?

                                                                              debian-fr.org/t/tutoriel-insta

                                                                                [?]Marcus Adams » 🌐
                                                                                @gerowen@mastodon.social

                                                                                The team has published their notes on changes to XMPP packages and subsystems in Trixie.

                                                                                Link: xmpp-team.pages.debian.net/blo

                                                                                  [?]noahm » 🌐
                                                                                  @noahm@chaos.social

                                                                                  If you're using on , please consider testing the 4.0.2-rc1 packages. They're currently in experimental for unstable and built for bookworm in the bookworm-backports suite in my personal repo on people.debian.org. people.debian.org/~noahm/repo/

                                                                                  My plan is to update bookworm and trixie point releases to 4.0.2 once it's releases, so all the testing I can get is helpful. Please report any issues via the BTS or directly to me directly.